Paper submitted to IMAGE 2026, by Guilherme Begnini, Darrell Armentrout, Lorin Cramer, Matheus Pila, Aurora Rodriguez-Castelan, Khaled Abdelaziz (TGS).
Abstract
Wide-azimuth (WAZ) towed streamer acquisition provides enhanced directional illumination but inherently produces irregular midpoint distributions and crossline offset-dependent coverage gaps. These limitations degrade spatial continuity and can introduce migration noise, particularly in Kirchhoff-based imaging workflows. As fully sampling WAZ geometries would require a drastic increase in sail line density, such gaps are an unavoidable characteristic of practical acquisition designs.
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